Associação entre capital social e bullying em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos: relações entre o ambiente escolar e social / Association between social capital and bullying among adolescents aged between 15 and 19: relations between the school and social environment

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre capital social e bullying em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos em escolas do ensino médio na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foi realizado um inquérito epidemiológico seccional de base escolar, com amostra formada por 2.293 estudantes, estratificada por município de localização escolar. Foram executadas estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais a partir de dois instrumentos: o "Questionário integrado para medir capital social do Banco Mundial" e o "Olweus bully/victim questionnaire", em versões adaptadas. Os resultados demostraram que as vítimas de bullying tiveram maiores chances de apresentar baixo nível de capital social cognitivo (p = 0,001; OR = 1,9; IC 95% = 1,29-2,68), subjacente (p = 0,002; OR = 1,7; IC 95% = 1,20-2,38) e total (p < 0,001; OR = 1,80; IC 95% = 1,32-2,59). Os agressores de bullying foram associados a baixos níveis de capital social cognitivo (p < 0,001; OR = 3,2; IC 95% = 2,34-4,44) e total (p = 0,042; OR = 1,7; IC 95% = 1,24-2,27). Elevados níveis de capital social estão relacionados à redução dos comportamentos de vitimização e de agressão por bullying. Portanto, deve-se promover relações sociais saudáveis nos espaços de convivência comum dos adolescentes para estimular outras reações positivas nos ambientes escolares.

Abstract The scope of this study was to analyze the association between social capital and bullying among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, in high schools in the Greater Vitória Metropolitan Area in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was carried out at the school base, with a sample of 2293 students, stratified by municipality of school location. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using two instruments: Integrated Questionnaire to Measure Social Capital of the World Bank and adapted versions of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. The results showed that victims of bullying were more likely to present low level of cognitive social capital (p = 0.001; OR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.29-2.68), underlying (p = 0.002; OR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.20-2.38) and total (p < 0.001; OR = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.32-2.59). Bullying offenders were associated with low levels of cognitive social capital (p < 0.001; OR = 3.2, 95%CI = 2.34-4.44) and total (p = 0.042; OR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.24-2.27). High levels of social capital are related to the reduction of bullying and victimization behaviors. Therefore, healthy social relationships should be promoted in the spaces of mutual coexistence of adolescents to stimulate other positive reactions in school environments.

Bullying among adolescents: are the victims also perpetrators?

Objective: To analyze factors associated with the prevalence of maltreatment and bullying and to identify types of involvement (verbal, physical, social, sexual, cyberbullying) among high school students aged 15 to 19 years. Methods: A cross-sectional, school-based epidemiological survey was performed. The sample included 2,293 adolescents from public and private schools in the Greater Vitoria area (state of Espírito Santo, Brazil). A modified version of the Brazilian Portuguese Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used. Results: Among maltreatment behaviors, 43.3% of adolescents reported having been victims vs. 40.4% reporting to be aggressors. Among bullying behaviors, 41% reported victimization and 29.1% aggression. The most frequent types of bullying were verbal (victim = 33.8%, bully = 23.1%), social (victim = 21.8%, bully = 16.9%), and physical bullying (victim = 15.1%, bully = 8.7%). Of those reporting to be victims, 37.5% stated that they did not react as frequently as they were attacked. Almost half of the students (50.9%) identified themselves as victims, without practicing any type of aggression against another schoolmate. School network (public or private) and gender were significantly associated with victimization and aggression behaviors. Conclusion: The adolescents identified as victims did not generally attack other students, i.e., did not identify themselves as perpetrators. The high prevalence of maltreatment and bullying detected in this study, especially the verbal, social, and physical types, underscores the need for interventions addressing bullying in schools.

Diagnostic reliability of a simplified epidemiologic tool to detect high-risk overjet for dental trauma / Confiabilidade diagnóstica de um instrumento simplificado para o exame epidemiológico de overjet de risco para traumatismo dentário

To evaluate the diagnostic reliability of a simplified tool to detect high-risk overjet for dental trauma, using wooden tongue depressors and comparing it to the conventional method as recommended by the WHO (1997). Material and Methods: The study population was composed of131 volunteers divided into two groups according to the overjet measurement in terms of risk for traumatic dental injury (G1: risk absent and G2: riskpresent). Overjet measurements were taken basedon the upper and lower permanent incisors. The distance between the most prominent labial surfaceand its corresponding counter part was measuredusing both the conventional and the simplified tool. The measurements were taken independently and on separate occasions by two previously calibrated dental surgeons (Kappa = 0.86). The gold standard method, as recommended by the WHO (1997), was performed by an external examiner using WHO probes. The simplified method, based on pencilmarkedwooden tongue depressors was carried outin a blind manner by the other examiner. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for the classification of riskfor dental trauma in terms of overjet using the simplified method and compared to the conventional method for reliability, which proved reliable and reproducible. Results: the results revealed high values for sensitivity (S = 1), specificity (E = 0.93), positive (PPV = 0.95) and negative predictive value(NPV = 1). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the examination using the simplified tool was reliable in identifying high-risk overjet, thus offeringan alternative to the conventional examination in situations where the method recommended by the World Health Organization is unavailable...

Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade diagnóstica de um instrumento simplificado para a identificação do overjet de risco para traumatismo dentário utilizando espátulas de madeira adaptadas, estabelecendo como comparação a metodologia convencional preconizada pela OMS (1997). Material e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 131 voluntários divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a medida do overjet em relação ao risco de traumatismo (G1: ausência de risco e G2: presença de risco). Para a mensuração do overjet foram avaliados os incisivos permanentes superiores e inferiores. A distância entre a superfície vestibular mais proeminente e sua correspondente foi aferida de duas formas, pelo instrumento convencional, com o uso da sonda OMS e pela simplificada, com o uso da espátula de madeira adaptada, realizados independentemente e em momentos distintos por duas cirurgiãs-dentistas previamente calibradas (Kappa = 0,86). A metodologia preconizada pela OMS(1997), padrão-ouro, foi executada por examinadora alheia ao estudo. A metodologia simplificada, baseada no uso de espátulas de madeira marcadas à grafite, foi efetivada pela outra examinadora que, de forma cega,realizou os exames clínicos. Foram calculados os valores da sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo para a classificação do risco de traumatismo em função do overjet pelo método simplificado, tendo como comparação a metodologia convencional. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram altos valores para a sensibilidade (S = 1), a especificidade (E =0,93) e para os valores preditivos, positivo (VPP = 0,95) e negativo (VPN = 1) e para a confiabilidade, mostrando-se confiável e reprodutível. Conclusão: O estudo comprovou que o exame com o instrumento simplificado apresentou confiabilidade diagnóstica para a identificação do overjet de risco, constituindo-se uma alternativa para o exame convencional em situações em que a metodologia preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde...

Prevalence of dental fractures and associated factors in students of Valinhos, SP, Brazil

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of dental fractures and their association with risk factors in the permanent dentition of adolescents in Valinhos, SP, Brazil. METHODS: The study population was obtained using the probability sampling method and comprised 379 students between 13 and 19 years old enrolled in the eight State schools of the city, who were examined by nine pairs of calibrated dentists (Kappa>0.80). The presence of dental fractures in permanent anterior incisors, as well as the presence of considerable overjet (> 5mm) and lip seal was evaluated in a clinical-epidemiological examination. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental trauma was 27.1%. The most frequent lesions were enamel fractures (72.6%) of which falls were the main cause (45.7%). No association was found between the presence of considerable overjet and deficient lip seal (chi-square test; p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental trauma in the studied population was expressive when compared with the literature, but the analyzed oral aspects did not contribute to its occurrence.